Training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relates to specific useful skills. It forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at technical colleges and polytechnics. Today it is often referred to as professional development.
Physical training is more mechanistic: planned suites of regimes develop specific skills or muscles with a view to peaking at a particular time. A field of training often used in sports is autogenic training. Another type of training is fartlek training which is a flexible training type which can be adapted to suit almost any athlete.
Training
Training & Development is the field concerned with workplace learning to improve performance. Such training can be generally categorized as on-the-job or off-the-job. On-the-job describes training that is given in a normal working situation, using the actual tools, equipment, documents or materials that they will use when fully trained. On-the-job training is usually most effective for vocational work. Off-the-job training takes place away from normal work situation which means that the employee is not regarded as productive worker when training is taking place. An advantage of off-the-job training is that it allows people to get away from work and totally concentrate on the training being given. This type of training is most effective for training concepts and ideas.
Training methods have been developed for artificial intelligence as well. Evolutionary algorithms, including genetic programming and other methods of machine learning use a system of feedback based on "fitness functions" to allow computer programs to determine how well a task is being performed. A series of programs, known as a “population” of programs are automatically changed and then automatically tested for “fitness,” i.e. how well they perform the intended task. New programs are automatically generated based on members of the population that perform the best. These new members replace programs that perform the worst. The procedure is repeated until optimum performance is achieved.[Genetic Programming An Introduction, Wolfgang Banzhaf, Peter Nordin, Robert E. Keller, and Frank D. Francone, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1998] In robotics, such a system can continue to run in real-time after initial training, allowing robots to adapt to new situations and changes in itself, for example due to wear or damage. Robots have also been developed that can appear to mimic simple human behavior as a starting point for training.[HR-2 Robot can mimic simple human behavior]
Training differs from exercise in that exercise may be an occasional activity for fun. Training is specific and done to improve one's capability, capacity, and performance.
Training Methodologies
Training Within Industry - A national conference for those interested in deploying the TWI training methodology.
There are several methods which are possible but only one thing counts - what the trainee learns. (Benjamin Rankin)
Learning & Development
Learning and Development can be described as interventions and activities that are intended to improve the knowledge and skills in organisations which increasingly focus on the learner.[Sloman.M. Training in the Age of the Learner. London. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, (2003)]
Terms such as 'training, 'development', 'learning' and 'education' are often used interchangeably, though there are distinctions made between them.[Marchington. M. and Wilkinson. A. Human Resource Management at Work (People Management & Development) 3rd Edition 2006 London CIPD ISBN 1-84398-062-2]
Trends and topics in L&D
Coaching
An effective learning tool
Impact on bottom line/productivity
Intangible benefits
Aids improvement of individual performance
Tackles underperformance
Aids identification of personal learning needs
Continuing Professional Development
Integration of learning at work in a meaningful/relevant way to the individual (self directed)
Updating of skills, knowledge and experiences
Enhances career development and employability
Enables individual to become a more effective learner
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